The International Monetary Fund (IMF) to indicate that nearly $ 1
trillion, from criminal activities, circulating daily in the financial
markets.
The UN, moreover, suggests a world market for illicit
drugs more than the entire oil industry, moving a year more than $ 400
billion dollars.
This high volume of financial resources generated
by organized crime to be hidden, disguised and integrated into economic
activity permitted.
It is possible to state that the mafias no
longer a matter of police to become a financial and geopolitical issue
of first magnitude A clandestine world buzzing, not subjected to any
kind of law or democratic rules, employs hundreds of thousands of
people.
The 'business' includes trade in drugs, weapons (possibly
even nuclear), sophisticated technologies obtained through industrial
espionage or secret purchase of slaves and white children, human organs
used in transplants, transport, passports and visas for falsified
entries for illegal immigrants, in addition to practice 'traditional'
authorities and of bribery of politicians, extortion, exploitation of
prostitution and child and adult control of cities or entire regions
based on force and terror imposed by well-armed gangs and organized
according to a paramilitary structure.
Another important factor to
be considered is the transnational criminal organizations tripled the
area of cultivation of coca in Colombia, due to new agricultural
techniques despite fumigation under sponsorship of the America.
Organized
crime looked further, to try coca plantations in Georgia, on the island
of Samoa and the Democratic Republic of Congo (former Zaire). But,
still, washing the dirty money in big on shore, as Miami and New York.
The
model is increasingly sprayed, characterized by the limited knowledge
among its members, the time when the operators of the crime held off
business. Ability to articulate world, which drew of new world order of
organized crime after the fall of "empire" Soviet in the early 1990: The
international organized crime, an imaginary threat to many in 1990, was
already a global emergency in 1993.
The major unions of the East
and the West gather services and personnel as soon colonizing Western
Europe and the United States, increasing drug trafficking in half
trillion dollars per year by washing and reinvested in legal ventures an
amount estimated at a quarter of a trillion of dollars annually.
Much
of the phenomenal growth originated from the fact that they had free
access to a territory that covers half the continent of Europe and much
of Asia - one sixth of the land mass- Afloat and essentially
defenseless.
According to the Italian police released in Sicily in
2001, a survey done by the Russian general Vitor Cheborachev confirms:
"eighty percent of the banking system of Moscow is in the hands of the
Mafia Russian.
It happened that dismantle the structures the state
has disappeared completely and entered a different structure (the
Russian mafia) to replace it. The movement of cartels and mafias in the
world, however, does not yet constitute a sort of world federation of
organized crime.
Since 1980, the Cosa Nostra became a wide structure.
A
direct way of achieving the mafia globalization has been the practice
to introduce, clandestine, illegal immigrants in the core countries of
Europe and the USA. This was the procedure, for example the Chinese
Triads and the Yakuza.
The Triads smuggled eight thousand illegal
immigrants in Italy in just two years, almost half of all the Chinese
community in the country. (...) The tens of thousands of Chinese
illegally entering the "head-of-serpent" of the triad were not only more
profitable that the heroin, but also a practical necessity. Hong Kong, a
showcase of Triads in the world for over a century, revert to communist
China in 1997.
The Triads could return to land from where it had
fled after the communist - in fact many were returned - but she would
never be their homeland. More discreet, and operating in the economic
level, the Japanese Yakuza "was investing heavily in all states of the
European Union. Authorities of the Japanese police confirmed that she
washed money everywhere, in every kind of institution financial and
industry, legal or illegal - just as the Sicilian Mafia, they combined a
visit to Italy.
Mafia groups that had a tradition of activities
limited to their own regions began to join, probably in the late 80s, to
extend its influence to the most remote regions of the planet. Included
in that table the old Italian and American mafia, the Japanese Yakuza,
the Triads based in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, as well as the new
Mafia groups in rapid expansion in West Africa and the newest Russian
mafias (arising from the dismantling of the Soviet state).
These
episodic business between mafias are indicating with certainty that
these criminal organizations will be adjusting to the process of
economic globalization, which main feature is the relatively free flow
of capital with the support systems highly computerized.
In other
words, the dimensions and forms of organization of crime in the
contemporary world have nothing to do with what existed two or three
decades. Compared with the current heads of the crime, Al Capone, for
example, is a robber of backyard. It is estimated that Capone fortune of
not more than $ 40 million, which is a lot of money, but nothing that
is comparable to the billions currently moved by mafias.
While
national states seek a solution through international strategic
cooperation, which is more effective for the prevention, combating and
prosecuting organized crime, through multilateral organizations like the
UN, the criminal organizations by passing tax havens and new routes,
leaving behind -- finally - the metaphor of the times of Al Capone:
laundry, bakery corner of houses of gambling ... are things of the past.
Today,
the narco-capital terms "fat" with the greatest naturalness in
sessions, live and electronic, financial markets daily. After almost two
decades of hegemony of the thesis of the minimum, the economic science
is immersed in the search for new paths. The so-called "market
fundamentalism" - that suggested the end of the story - already suggest
"greater invention of the state in the lives of citizens, now
emphasizing the need to combat the recession Keynesian-style, now to
invest in national security.
The impasse that wins new contours in
the 21st century is placed in the following way by where to draw the
line between pure private sector activities and those that require
public involvement through ownership or regulation is a question.
How
to manage services of those holding public or private regulatory
involving social externalities is another. There is little doubt that we
cannot answer them. The lesson may well have been that some
externalities are too big to be faced by the private sector and always
require government funding through collection of taxes to provide
services and infrastructure required.
The attempts to blockade the
capital attributed to Al Qaeda terrorist network of Osama bin Laden,
were empty. Indeed, the determination of the United States and Britain
of blocking accounts of 27 entities suspected not reached the targets
concerned. In Britain, where the freeze hit $ 88 million - with $ 6
million in the U.S. and another $ 6 million in other countries - this
figure is a trace compared to U.S. $ 5.9 billion that moved through the
bureau de change, since the time of Thatcher freely operating funds of
criminal origin.
Following the logic of time zones, there are
dozens of so-called "tax havens" that make up the main area of organized
crime. A huge - and intense - laundry global, operating in real time
and mounted on a technological device that works on the logic of masking
and clear, digitally, all tracks - just a simple click and the money
"dirty" becomes the "productive capital."
Clearly, tax havens
connect and artificial satellites, around the three major financial
centers worldwide: United States, European Union and Japan that is, the
link with the Cosa Nostra mafia-type American, Italian, Russian, Chinese
Triads and Yakuza is direct and immediate. The figures on the amount of
resources from organized crime are disagreements, but "the Newsweek
magazine estimates that the capital accumulated for each year by all the
mafias of the world, is $ 3 trillion. Also in the field of the
estimates, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that the
world business of money laundering movement NTA between $ 500 billion
and $ 1.5 trillion dollars per year - an amount equal to 5% of
production world, more than one quarter of international trade to GDP or
the UK.
Of course, this figure includes drug trafficking, other
forms of organized crime, political corruption and tax evasion. There
are the kinds of nonsense: "Alone, the Jersey Island focused
applications with a total value of $ 600 billion.
The World Wide
Web (Internet), so-called internal networks of organizations (Intranets)
and others like the world is also composed to support the transactions
of organized crime. the world's largest network is the washing SWIFT: In
1973, the 250 largest financial institutions in Europe and the United
States created a cooperative with the name of Society for Worldwide
Interbank Financial Telecommunications. Or just Swift.
The network
covers the whole territory of the United States, Japan and Western
Europe, and Latin America, including Brazil. Just order a Swift and a
password to leave the money in an area offshore (Bahamas, for example)
and between banks in Vienna, Frankfurt and Miami.
The SWIFT
network has two features that much like criminal organizations: a) the
possibility of multiple operations and in short space of time -
facilitating the life of a current interest in clean money, b) the fact
that the network is not monitored.
In other words, no and no monitoring system, intelligent, is able to detect suspicious transactions.
The
technology worked out nicely for the interests of international
organized crime. The Swift does not obey borders. It is the network that
traffickers and terrorists move much of his fortune today. It is there
that sell the product of political corruption.
In the late 1990s,
during the meetings of the UN summit on organized crime, held in Naples
(1994), Cairo (1995) and Vienna (March 2003), reports on the laundering
of money exchanged by the representatives police from dozens of
countries represented point to new strategies for the "purification of
dirty money" adopted by the mafias and cartels, worldwide. In the new
geopolitics of organized crime, the markets are on shore in new webs of
washing international scheme.
The criminal organizations are
adjusted to the process of economic globalization, which implies a
relatively free flow of capital through systems. In other words, the
dimensions and forms of organization of crime in the contemporary world
have nothing to do with what existed two or three decades.
In the
Middle East, terrorists and criminals still use the system known as
Hawala, primitive, which is possible to transfer resources without the
need to identify the owner and the destination. The confirmations of
transfer are made by fax (the page is destroyed after this OK. Schemes
would be well used by bin Laden and the followers of Alspalan Tuerkes,
one of the leaders of the Turkish mafia, which controls the trafficking
of heroin and weapons in Eastern Europe.
No comments:
Post a Comment